Updated: about 1 hour ago
- Sainsbury's Store Pauses Facial Recognition After False Shoplifting Claim
- Solar Power and Batteries Have Been Keeping Europe's Grid Stable
- 'Buy Now, Pay Later' Lenders Pitch Loans For Needs Like Electricity and Rent
- Supreme Court Rejects Verizon Bid For $47 Million Refund of FCC Fine
- Apple Wallet Driver's License Feature to Launch in Four More US States
- Judge Sets Framework For Nine PBS to Retrieve 70 Years of Archival TV Data
- Meta Faces $1.4 Trillion Reckoning In Latest Trial Over Social Media Addiction
- US Grid Operator PJM Proposes Forcing Data Center Off Grid During Emergencies
- OpenAI Announces Massive Data Center In Ohio With $105 Billion Nvidia Guarantee
- Tracking Rare Books Leads to an Amazon AI Training Facility
Updated: less than an hour ago
- The Download: how people really use AI, and Flock’s design choices
- We still don’t know how people are really using AI
- AI’s recursive self-improvement might not come so quickly after all
- The role of the astronaut is in flux
- What Flock’s defenders are missing
- The Download: dead robot friends and the “censorship-industrial complex”
- What happens when a kid’s robot best friend dies?
- How much hydrogen awaits us underground?
- The Download: Flock’s new rules, cloning’s future, and children’s cells
- Job titles of the future: Space travel agent
Updated: less than an hour ago
- Enterprises are overpaying for simple AI queries — Snowflake's gateway now auto-routes to cut costs up to 3x
- Qwen3.8-27B runs frontier-class coding agents and reasoning locally, no cloud API required
- Cursor launches Origin code hosting platform as GitHub outage exposes opening in AI coding race
- One AI module faked 86% of a pipeline's accuracy gains by feeding another the answers
- Enterprises with AI context layers report agent failures at more than twice the rate of those without one
- As enterprises confront AI agent sprawl, xpander wants them to own their own control and context layer
- How Heidi built production-ready AI for healthcare at global scale
- Cutting RAG inference costs 6x starts with deciding what never reaches the LLM
- DeepSeek's top-ranked V4 Flash stumbles on real agent tasks as its prices surge
- An eval harness found what qualitative review couldn't: AI models are most confident when wrong
Updated: about 2 hours ago
- A silly question
- Why is GitHub so unreliable?
- "What if SQL was like Elm?"
- Builder Pattern in TypeScript: Real-World Example and Use Cases
- GitHub finally moved to serverless.
- We Ship Our UI Through a Subtitle System
- Learning-Rust.Github.io: Labs: Project 1 – RESTful API Workspace [Human-Authored!]
- Learning Rust: Labs - Project 1 - RESTful API Workspace [Human-Authored!]
- What if YOU Could Add Your Own Features to a Language?
- YouTube API tutorial - view count auto updates in the title and thumbnail
Updated: less than an hour ago
- OpenAI Exec: The Solution to AI Doing Bad Cybercrimes Is Even More AI
- ‘It’s Absolutely Terrifying’: AI Is Reportedly Slopping Up the Bills in Congress
- The Trillion-Dollar Trial Against Meta Is Too Big to Succeed
- Unearthed Video Seems to Reveal Apple AirPods That Can ‘See’
- R.I.P. Columbia House: Here’s How It Improbably Survived This Long
- It’s Official: No Man Can Outrun Our Robot Overlords
- Google May Have Leaked Its Next Fitbit—Or Let AI Hallucinate It
- Pilots and Flight Attendants Are Bombarded by Cosmic Radiation—And Getting Deadly Cancers From It
- Spirit Airlines Is Dead, but Its Data Will Haunt Google’s Servers for Generations to Come
- Heisenberg Said Empty Space Isn’t Really Empty. A Magnetic Star May Have Finally Proven Him Right
Updated: less than an hour ago
- AerynOS Lands Versioned Repositories Phase 2 in Major July Update
- Nushell: A Better Shell for Files, Processes, and JSON
- 9to5Linux Weekly Roundup: July 5th, 2026
- Linuxiac Weekly Wrap-Up: Week 27, 2026 (June 29 – July 5)
- BleachBit 6.0.2 Cleaner and Privacy Tool Released with AppImage Build for Linux Users
- Hannah Montana Linux Is Back, and Yes, It’s Real
- DXVK 3.0.1 Brings Improvements for Fallout 3, Black Mesa, and Empire Earth 2
- Experimental BSDun Kernel Module Runs FreeBSD Binaries on Linux
- Ladybird Browser Adds Downloads, History, and Linux Sandboxing
- KDE Plasma 6.8 Promises Smoother Animations
Updated: about 10 hours ago
Updated: about 1 hour ago
- AI-generated bills are reportedly causing problems in the Capitol
- Apple's macOS Tahoe preview may have leaked a ton of unreleased products
- Fairphone is finally releasing its first official handset in the US
- ChatGPT's stricter teen mode starts rolling out today
- Google is reportedly planning to move all Pixel production out of China
- Apple appears to have leaked its camera-equipped AirPods
- Why flash drive capacity keeps increasing (and why small drives are rarely sold today)
- What are your retro game consoles worth?
- YouTube public view counts will likely get higher starting next week
- Reddit is experimenting with video and audio versions of posts
Updated: about 8 hours ago
- IEEE Presidents’ Scholarship Honors Teen Innovators
- From AI Copilots to Agent Swarms
- Digital Signal Processing Pioneer Bede Liu Dies At 91
- Predict Antenna Coupling on Electrically Large Platforms Before Building Hardware
- Bring a Product Manager Mindset to Your Next Engineering Job
- Inside the Data Bottleneck Slowing Visual and Physical AI
- IEEE Engineering Summit Supports Bhutan’s Digital Transformation
- Simulating Lunar Regolith with COMSOL for Mission Safety and Space Infrastructure
- Zap Rocks. Add Water. Get Clean Hydrogen
- Navigating the Pivot From Tech Expert to Organizational Leader
Updated: less than an hour ago
- The Ellisons Again Threaten To Move CBS/Paramount Somewhere Shittier And Hotter If State Antitrust Lawsuit Isn’t Settled
- Screwworm Infections Get Worse, Government Unleashing Drone Army For Surveillance
- Another California Court Has Now Broken Media Advertising, So The Copia Institute Asked Another California Appeals Court To Fix It
- Flock Safety Decides To Implement A Few Changes After Months Of Negative Press
- Federal Court Rules That Blocking Speech Is Protected By The First Amendment, But Recommending It Isn’t
- Daily Deal: The Complete Arduino, Raspberry Pi & ESP32 Bundle
- Rather Than Investigate The Alex Pretti Murder, The DHS Investigated Minneapolis Activist Groups
- Trump’s Bumbling, Racist Anti-China Protectionism Extends To Data Centers
- This Week In Techdirt History: August 9th – 15th
- Dev Kills Cloud Version Of Game On Switch, Offers Discount To Rebuy It For Switch 2
Updated: less than an hour ago
- As temperatures get hotter, pesticides are more dangerous to farmworkers
- Theban tomb reveals how Egyptian burial trends evolved in time
- US vaccination rates fall again as exemptions continue to rise, CDC data shows
- Former SpaceX engineers are building a robotic factory for making steel parts
- The Moon's shadow raced across the heart of Spain, and I was there to see it
- As Wisconsin cities flee Flock, its shared camera network loses value
- Supreme Court rejects Verizon bid for $47 million refund of FCC fine
- Petlibro accused of “gaslighting” users over smart pet feeder outage
- Hidden Airtag reveals Amazon is trashing rare books to train AI
- This sub-$7,000 sportscar might be just what the future needs
Updated: less than an hour ago
- Copilot tricked into telling reseachers how to hack itself
- Government Teams users face another ******* month of filtered captions
- Passport out-of-control at French airport
- Sponsor gives KDE Plasma 6.6 the LTS treatment
- UK puts Google AI on the flight path to fewer contrails
- AI models get convenient amnesia about source material as they grow, MIT boffins find
- UK's tech talent pipeline shrinks as overseas worker visa applications fall 7%
- Google buys crashed airline Spirit’s data at auction, because AI
- Microsoft MVP creates site to remind you of all the brands Redmond replaced
- Xen Project gets serious about safety in push to possibly partition robot brains
Updated: less than an hour ago
- How I browse the Web with uBlock (Hard Mode)
- GPU Offload in Rust: Portable, Safe, and Fast
- Tsampi BFT: Leaderless One-Round Voting with Parameterized Finality
- Using the railway network as a flatbed scanner
- Rethinking Database Programming
- Biboumi – XMPP gateway to IRC
- Encoding vcmpps and vcmppd
- Actual Budget
- Selective Applicative Functors
- Why BQN Wins
Updated: about 15 hours ago
- JanSport Laptop Backpack - Computer Bag with 2 Compartments, Ergonomic Shoulder Straps, 15” Laptop Sleeve, Haul Handl... ($54.29)
- JanSport Laptop Backpack - Computer Bag with 2 Compartments, Ergonomic Shoulder Straps, 15” Laptop Sleeve, Haul Handl... ($54.49)
- JanSport Laptop Backpack - Computer Bag with 2 Compartments, Ergonomic Shoulder Straps, 15” Laptop Sleeve, Haul Handl... ($56.14)
- JanSport Laptop Backpack - Computer Bag with 2 Compartments, Ergonomic Shoulder Straps, 15” Laptop Sleeve, Haul Handl... ($54.79)
- JanSport SuperBreak Plus Backpack ($35.95)
- JanSport Cool Backpack, with 15-inch Laptop Sleeve - Large Computer Bag Rucksack with 2 Compartments, Ergonomic Strap... ($53.99)
- JanSport Cool Backpack, with 15-inch Laptop Sleeve - Large Computer Bag Rucksack with 2 Compartments, Ergonomic Strap... ($54.95)
- JanSport Laptop Backpack - Computer Bag with 2 Compartments, Ergonomic Shoulder Straps, 15” Laptop Sleeve, Haul Handl... ($56.18)
- JanSport SuperBreak Plus Backpack ($35.98)
- JanSport Laptop Backpack - Computer Bag with 2 Compartments, Ergonomic Shoulder Straps, 15” Laptop Sleeve, Haul Handl... ($54.20)
Updated: about 6 hours ago
- Scientists may have finally proved that “empty” space isn’t really empty
- Einstein’s biggest “mistake” came back — and changed cosmology forever
- A therapy that “rewrites” childhood memories can ease fear of failure
- Kratom poison center cases have surged 6,500% in the U.S.
- The bacteria that make cheese taste so good may also benefit your gut
- Low-fat vegan diet helps people lose weight without eating less
- Webb’s mysterious little red dots may be hiding entire galaxies
- Tiny 1.7-billion-year-old fossils could reveal how complex life began
- Caltech breakthrough brings fiber-optic performance to silicon chips
- Scientists uncover the hidden nerve network fueling breast cancer
Updated: about 1 hour ago
- OpenAI Introduces ‘ChatGPT for Teens’ as Safety Concerns Grow
- States Seek $200 Billion From Meta Over Child Social Media Addiction Claims
- Silicon Valley Executives Are Tech Fans. Just Not For Their Own Kids.
- The Blackout That Could Devastate America
- Nvidia to Back Ohio Data Center With as Much as $105 Billion
- AI Slop Is Everywhere. Spotify, LinkedIn and Others Have Had Enough.
- China Wants Its Data to Power the World’s A.I.
- As A.I. Data Centers Spread, Pressure Mounts to Share Profits
- The Iranian YouTube Show Posing Questions Few Dare Ask
- Google Turns On Gemini A.I. for Students Using Its Classroom App
Updated: about 3 hours ago
- The road to MS-DOS 2
- PervertPods: Apple is adding cameras to AirPods
- Quake shareware, a CD-ROM just a little too full
- Beyond the limits of physical VRAM
- Were Touch Bar’s problems software rather than hardware?
- Linux 7.2 released
- Pascal for small machines
- Super Mario derivations
- The worst PDA of all time
- Making a game on a custom bytecode VM in 7 days and 3kB
Updated: less than an hour ago
- Claude writing a macOS driver for my obscure HP printer built only for Windows
- Linux 7.3 improves performance when running out of vRAM
- Finger: Social network that never died
- I don't enjoy the Internet any more
- Exercise intensity modulates interorgan communication and is associated with
- California's new tire efficiency rules could save drivers $1B a year
- Google wins bankruptcy auction for Spirit Airlines emails, chats, documents
- PM Carney announces largest clean energy investment in North American history
- Repair Cafe – Fix Your Broken Items
- Puppy PPE
Updated: less than an hour ago
- Klarna says CFO Niclas Neglén and CMO David Sandström plan to step down in early 2027, and lowers its full-year GMV guidance; KLAR falls 19%+ pre-market (Connor Hart/Wall Street Journal)
- How a bipartisan coalition of US states fought to present a united case against Meta; Judge Rogers established a hybrid structure for the multi-week trial (Diana Novak Jones/Reuters)
- Dutch company Fairphone launches its $650 flagship repairable Fairphone (Gen 6+) in the US and plans to keep launching new phone generations every two years (Julian Chokkattu/Wired)
- Xiaomi reports Q2 revenue down 6.1% YoY to ~$16.2B and net income down 21% to ~$1.4B, above est., amid a persistent memory shortage and weaker smartphone demand (Bloomberg)
- OpenAI launches ChatGPT for Teens, a new mode that limits high-risk chats around self-harm, eating disorders, and other topics, adds studying tools, and more (Cecilia Kang/New York Times)
- Alibaba says its new open-source multimodal model, Qwen3.8-27B, passed 1M+ downloads within a few days of release, making it one of its fastest-growing models (Juro Osawa/The Information)
- Reddit launches an early experiment to convert select text posts and comments into short videos with AI voiceovers, rolling out on the web, iOS, and Android (Jay Peters/The Verge)
- Alibaba's Alipay launches a new "all-in-one" platform for businesses to use AI agents to automate tasks; Alibaba's stock jumps 5%+ and is up 40%+ since June (Jeanny Yu/Bloomberg)
- AI inference chip startup Etched raised $700M led by its new server rack customer Jane Street at a $21B valuation, up from $10.3B after raising $300M in July (Robbie Whelan/Wall Street Journal)
- Sources: China orders some state-linked entities to uninstall a government-tailored version of Windows 10, ahead of its February 2027 retirement timeline (Bloomberg)
Updated: less than an hour ago
- The eight changes Apple is making to App Tracking Transparency in Europe
- Steve Jobs’ 8th-grade science fair project goes up for auction
- Apple admits it may not make any commission from alternative app stores
- Two camera features may be unique to the iPhone 18 Pro Max, suggests leaker
- Apple @ Work Podcast: Agentic networking actions
- AirPods with cameras get their clearest leak yet
- Apple: DOJ’s latest challenge in antitrust case ‘fails at every level’
- macOS 27 Golden Gate beta 6 adds fifth dynamic wallpaper, get them all here [Gallery]
- Apple releases public beta 4 for iOS 27, macOS 27, iPadOS 27, tvOS 27
- Spotify’s new Playlist Notes let users add context to songs, podcasts, and audiobook picks
Updated: about 14 hours ago
- This 65-Inch LG OLED TV Is $900 Off Right Now
- The Best Tech Deals From Best Buy's 60th Anniversary Sale
- The Google Pixel 10a Is $75 Off Right Now
- I Like This $30 Charging Case Better Than the One Oura Sells for $99
- This Malware Can Take Over Web Browsers on macOS, but You Can Protect Yourself
- GitHub Is Down
- This Solid Midrange Samsung Galaxy Is $100 Off Right Now
- This $45 JBL Speaker Is Small Enough for a Bag and Tough Enough for the Beach
- Microsoft Is Combining Its Two 'Copilot' Apps (and Ditching These Three Features)
- 10 Gboard Hacks Every Android User Should Know
Updated: less than an hour ago
- Daniel Ek’s body-scanning startup Neko Health opens first US office, in New York
- Fairphone is launching its latest repairable phone in the US too
- Reach Capital raises $265M Fund V to back AI founders building to ‘expand human potential’
- Einride strikes deal to add 500 Tesla Semis to its fleet
- Detroit startup Grounded raises $5M to customize electric and gas-powered vans
- Anthropic’s annualized revenue surges to $65B
- AI automation startup Relay shuts down, staff joins Google’s Chrome team
- ‘Unprecedented’ number of Apple users received recent spyware alert, say investigators
- Save up to $300 on your TechCrunch Disrupt 2026 pass until August 21
- Spotify’s new Playlist Notes let users and editors explain their song picks
Updated: 5 days ago
- How to rebuild your broken attention span
- Everybody needs a personal AI policy. Just ask Hank Green.
- Fast fashion is terrible for the planet. Can wardrobe cataloging apps help?
- AI models have learned how to cheat. That might actually be a good thing.
- Hackers just broke into America’s tap water
- Rise of the AI-ristocracy
- The US might lose the AI race to China. Should Americans care?
- Can knowing less make you happier?
- Can the internet survive rogue AI?
- The four most important words in healthcare right now
Updated: less than an hour ago
- Nothing Headphone (a) 2026 drops to its lowest price with a limited-time deal
- Microsoft gives up on its annoying Windows 11 file-sharing experiment
- Jaw-dropping Samsung Odyssey Neo G9 57-inch curved monitor sees hefty price cut of $650
- Plex reverts TV app layout after intense user backlash
- Samsung adds 43 classic masterpieces to Frame TVs
- Microsoft improving an annoying core Windows 11 feature that can't be removed easily
- Linux 7.3 merge window kicks off by throwing out two ancient file systems
- Microsoft warns admins to move legacy Whiteboards before August 22 cutoff
- Microsoft is working on a major WinRE enhancement for IT admins in Windows 11
- Anthropic pulls further ahead of OpenAI as revenue run rate hits $65 billion
Updated: less than an hour ago
- The Creepiest ‘Alien: Earth’ Creature Makes for a Surprisingly Cute Plush
- Paramount Is ‘Talking to a Lot of Writers’ About the Uncertain Future of ‘Star Trek’
- ‘Star Wars: Starfighter’ Was Inspired by a Francis Ford Coppola Classic
- Julianne Nicholson Says ‘Expect the Unexpected’ in ‘Paradise’ Season 3
- Marvel Adds ‘Ghost Rider’ to a Crowded 2028 Slate
- If You’re Scared of Spiders, You’re Going to Want to Avoid This Trailer
- ‘Threads’ Hits Just as Hard Today as It Did During the Cold War
- ‘Lanterns’ Is Here and Sets the Stage Masterfully
- HBO Has Finally Made ‘It: Welcome to Derry’ Season 2 Official
- Bruce Campbell Officially Retires From Playing Ash Williams in All Future ‘Evil Dead’ Projects
Updated: about 1 hour ago
- Churchill Falls Agreement Reached
- The last person in US history to get a homestead patent
- GEORGE by name, Jazz by nature
- I was making things awkward, but for the right reasons
- China achieves first-ever controlled rocket recovery
- Hiya kids! Hiya hiya hiya!
- CORGI ORGY
- Scapegoating Fauci Won't Protect Us From the Next Pandemic
- B612 (the font, not the fictional asteroid)
- SFU Wins World Pipe Band Championships for 7th Time
Updated: about 1 hour ago
- I Put the Best Digital Notebooks to the Test. Here Are My Favorites (2026)
- Can AI Coexist With Privacy? Proton’s Andy Yen Says It Will Have To
- Exclusive: You Can Finally Buy a Fairphone—a Sustainable, Repairable Smartphone—in the US
- The Cop Who Took On Flock
- The Powerful Chinese Model Experts Warned About—and Waited for—Is Here
- Best Merino Wool Clothing (2026): Base Layers, Hoodies, Jackets
- Noom Promo Codes: 50% Off Best Deals & Free Trials for August 2026
- Hydrow Discount Code: Save Up to $150 | August 2026
- 1Password Coupon: Score a Free Trial in August 2026
- Western Digital Promo Code: 15% Off
Updated: less than an hour ago
- Polaroid’s new Pokémon collection captures memories, not Pikachus
- Google’s Pet Memory forgot who my cats are
- The Verge Guide to Pets
- My parrot ate my keyboard
- Oops! My cat is an iPad kid
- How I turned my fish tank high tech
- Fairphone’s latest repairable phone is going on sale in the US
- ChatGPT is getting a dedicated mode for teens
- Elon Musk made flying even worse so Palantir could profit
- Apple’s camera-equipped AirPods appear in leaked video
Updated: less than an hour ago
- Adata XPG Novakey RGB DDR5-6000 C30 2x16GB Review — Turning salvage into pure performance
- How to choose a new motherboard without overpaying — scoping out the features you need, and what you might never use as component costs soar
- Overclocker updates Hydra overclocking tool with VRAM and power limit controls for RTX 50-series GPUs — new update gives up to +3000 MHz memory offset
- GameStop customer earned over $10,000 in store credit from a stack of broken consoles — traded 'hundreds' of PlayStations, Xboxes, Game Boys, Switches, and more
- Judge allegedly outsourced entire ruling to AI and still can't be sued — federal court upholds blanket judicial immunity
- Expand your NAS with a third off this Seagate 8TB IronWolf HDD — 32% discount in Best Buy's 60th Anniversary sale
- Best Buy has slashed $1,350 off this 'outstanding' OLED RTX 5080 laptop — 16-inch Lenovo Legion Pro 7i features a 24-core Arrow Lake CPU and 32GB of DDR5 RAM
- Secret tracking device placed in rare book ends up in Amazon processing facility — destroying books to train AI models is 'all' the Vegas warehouse does
- China reportedly orders state agencies to uninstall its government-only edition of Windows 10 — Beijing accelerates planned retirement over data security concerns
- Firm test-fires 3D-printed, fully cryogenic reusable rocket engine — Indian startup leverages SLM printing to create its first working prototype
Updated: less than an hour ago
- AirTag 2 Drops to Low Price of $89 for 4-Pack
- Apple's US App Store Commission Revenue Down 18% This Year
- Sonos iPhone App Finally Gains Live Activities Support
- Unreleased AirPods 5 Models Referenced in macOS 26.7
- iPhone 18 Pro Max Rumored to Get Exclusive Camera Upgrade
- Apple's Camera-Equipped AirPods Confirmed: See Them in Action
- macOS Tahoe 26.7 is Full of References to Unreleased Apple Products
- Apple Releases New iOS 27, iPadOS 27, macOS 27, and tvOS 27 Public Betas
- Apple Adds More New Wallpapers in macOS Golden Gate
- iOS 26.6.1 and macOS Tahoe 26.6.2 Fix Nearly 30 Security Vulnerabilities
Updated: less than an hour ago
- Linux 7.3 Corrects Faulty Behavior Of FAT File-System Driver For Filenames Too Fat
- Fedora x86-64-v3 Optimized Packages Pushed Back To At Least Fedora 46
- Lenovo Lands New Watchdog Driver In Linux 7.3 For Their SE30G2 + SE60 Edge AI Computers
- Intel Enables Buffer Compression For Better Gaming Performance With DXVK
- XFS Lands FALLOC_FL_WRITE_ZEROES For Efficiency Improvement In Linux 7.3
- EFS & FreeVxFS File-Systems Get Booted While FailFS Merged For Linux 7.3
- Linux 7.3 To Land Initial Code Improving vRAM Management, More Improvements Coming
- FFmpeg Lands H.265 Vulkan Encode Performance Optimizations
- Offloading Rust To GPUs Proves Capable Of High Performance With Memory Safety
- ARCTIC Fan Controller: The Best Fan Controller For Linux Desktops, Less Than $10 USD
Updated: about 2 hours ago
- Controller AI - Build deterministic agents that actually follow your process
- Dates by Agenda Hero - Create a plan for anything. Share it with anyone.
- Shepherd Terminal - A persistent terminal for Codex and Claude side by side
- Gauge - Agent Led Growth: Get written into every customer's codebase
- Finch - A single place for your health data and tests
- ElevenLabs MCP in Claude - Create and manage ElevenLabs voice agents in your chat
- TinyFish - The web operating layer for AI agents
- Superflow AI - AI agents that QA your website before launch
- Hansel by Seedling - Your email, your server, your keys so you're not locked out
- Vendo - Let your users build their own features inside your product
Updated: about 3 hours ago
- The Great Forgetting: How AI Is Quietly Erasing the Human Archive—and What Comes After
- How an AI Agent Development Company Designs Agents That Know When to Ask for Human Help
- Businesses Always Have Messy Emails (Part 2)
- Educational Byte: Should You Tell Friends and Family That You Own Crypto?
- The Rise of AI-Native Software: How Artificial Intelligence Is Changing Modern Developments
- Gemini Spark versus Hermes Agent versus OpenClaw: Who Wins and Why?
- How ML is Transforming the Way Offices Communicate and Work with One Another
- The Signs of Our Times: Candace Owens vs Andrew Wilson
- The Rise of AI-Native Software: How Artificial Intelligence Is Changing Modern Development
- Docker for Beginners: A Simple Introduction